Alternatively, as the severity of light-induced retinal damage is related to exposure time and the emitted energy, adjustment of the phosphor ratio of LED backlight modules in LCDs and modification of the visible light spectrum might allow maintenance of the luminance of the light source while reducing the energy exposure of the eye. However, traditional filters or blocking lenses may decrease the luminance of light and reduce the contrast sensitivity and visual quality while performing visual tasks. In order to prevent light-induced damage of the retina and the alteration of circadian rhythms, blue light filters, blocking lenses, and blue light–filtering intraocular lenses have been widely used. Nevertheless, although advances have been made related to treatments for e.g., nonexudative and exudative AMD, their effectiveness remains limited. Light-induced retinal injury has received considerable research attention owing to the increasing societal exposure to display terminals that emit extensive levels of blue light. Notably, previous studies found that the mechanism of retinal injury is related to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammatory reactions, which induce oxidative stress and cell apoptosis within the retina. Epidemiologic and experimental evidence has further revealed that short-wavelength light exposure may also contribute to the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). In particular, LED-induced retinal photoreceptor and RPE cell damage have been observed in several animal studies, even at domestic lighting levels. It has been demonstrated that lights with shorter wavelengths induce more retinal damage than those with longer wavelengths.

The photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells of the retina comprise the main sites of light energy absorption. For example, nighttime lighting with blue light and the desynchronization of circadian rhythms may increase the incidences of psychiatric disorders, diabetes, obesity, and several kinds of cancers. Extensive blue light exposure also disrupts circadian rhythms, which may constitute a health hazard for humans.

LEDs emit higher levels of blue light with shorter wavelengths than conventional light sources and are accompanied by an enhanced risk of photo-injury. LCDs with lower energy emission may, therefore, serve as suitable screens to prevent light-induced retinal damage and protect consumers’ eye health.Ĭomputers and consumer electronics play important roles in modern society however, the majority of these products use a liquid crystal display (LCD) as the screen with light-emitting diode (LED)-based backlight modules being widely used as the LCD light source. We demonstrated that LCD exposure-induced photoreceptor damage was correlated with LCD energy emission. The effect was correlated with OEEI intensity.

The molecular mechanisms included activation of the NF-κB pathway and upregulation of the expression of proteins associated with inflammation and apoptosis. Cell damage occurred through the induction of oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Cell viability decreased and apoptosis increased significantly after exposure to LCDs with higher emitted energy.

We established a formula of the ocular energy exposure index (OEEI), which could be used as the indicator of LCD energy emission. The 661W photoreceptor cell line was used as the model system. We adjusted the emitted light spectrum of LED backlight modules in LCDs and reduced the energy emission but maintained the luminance. However, traditional blue light filters may decrease the luminance of light and reduce visual quality. LCDs utilize light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as backlight modules and emit high levels of blue light, which may cause retinal photoreceptor cell damage. Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) are used as screens in consumer electronics and are indispensable in the modern era of computing.

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